The publication is broad in scope and coverage, starting with the history and nature of sorghum and millets and dealing with production, utilization and consumption. Sorghum, apart from being a subsistence crop, is an important commercial and export crop for the united states of america, australia, and argentina. The 3030 project has a focus on increasing production and utilisation of homegrown feed, so the potential and some management aspects of millet and sorghum were evaluated in different. Root system the roots o f the sorghum plant can be divided into a primary and secondary root system. Foundations for farming is conducting free training on pfumvudza every tuesday at rest haven from 8am to 12pm until the end of november pfumvudza foundations for farming by darryl edwards tel. Sorghum is used for human nutrition all over the world 2, 6, 7, 10. Sorghum and pearl millet are the most important stable crops in the drylands of west africa. Assessment of pearl millet production problems in west. Millet production is generally limited to fields with low soil fertility and poor rainfall conditions. Assessment of pearl millet production problems in west africa and molecular diversity analysis of pearl millet parental lines lead institution. At least 150 insect species are known to feed on millet, and a new profile in the openaccess journal of integrated pest management highlights the biology and management options for several of the most significant ones. Africa is the center of origin and also a major producer of several cereals like sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, teff and african rice. Millet and sorghum showed signs of resistance to the maize disease and could also be ground into flour for ugali quickly.
Millets as climate change compliant crops score highly over other grains. According to the famine early warning systems network fews net atypical price increases for sorghum and millet were observed in sudan in november. Sorghum a potential crop to adapt to future climate. The international crop research institute for the semiarid tropics icrisat estimates that more than 90 million people in africa and asia depend on millets in their diets, and 500 million people in more than 30 countries depend on sorghums as a staple food. World is facing agrarian as well as nutritional challenges. Jan 25, 2017 the new sorghum bioenergy belt will span east texas, the mississippi valley, the gulf coast, and the southern atlantic coast. Soil although sorghum can produce reasonably on infertile soils, for best results, the crop requires a fairly fertile soil which is well drained. Sorghum production sorghum utilization millet production millet utilization regional trends in production and utilization of sorghum and millets. Like sorghum, finger millet is highly variable in colour, from brown through red to white, due to anthocyanin pigments and also like sorghum some varieties contain tannins in the testa layer. Farmer groups respectively, 25 sses and 114 sses were formed or strengthened and trained. Millets can be stored for a long period without substantial quality changes if the kernels remain intact. Sorghum and millet are most commonly grown on low fertility soils and sloped terrain, and in droughtprone climates in part because they are more tolerant of poor. Rainfed millet and sorghum are still the dominant cereal crops figs. Production levels in south africa the sorghum farming community in south africa can conveniently be divided into the smallholder and commercial farmers owing to the di fferences.
Table 1 summarizes the key environmental constraints and environmental impacts associated with sorghum and millet in ssa and in sa. The finger millet strategy was initiated in december, 2009 and discussions took place. Limited extension of maize and steady dominance of millet and sorghum. Sorghum production greenlife crop protection africa.
Global agriculture is facing the probable impact of global warming. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Francis counties saw their grain sorghum acreage increase between 72 and 177 percent as compared to the 2001 season. Moench, is the worlds fifth leading cereal, after wheat, corn, rice, and barley, and the leading cereal grain in the rainfed areas of the semiarid tropics and subtropics. If rains are poor, sorghum or pearl millet assures at least a minimum quantity of food production necessary to avoid starvation. Sudan is the fifth country after china, india, usa and nigeria in sorghum production worldwide. Traditionally, sorghum was used as a grain to make flatbreads or rotis. This fouryear study based on two experiments assessed different lowcost methods for intensification of sorghum and millet production under contrasting rainfall conditions in mali. Production trends and current farming practices are discussed. Sorghum production area million ha 198991 1993 1994 1995 world 43.
The national total production of sorghum and millet in 201920 is estimated at 5. While maize is the major cereal crop in the region as a whole, sorghum and pearl millet are crucial in the driest environments, where rural farm households have. In india, millets are grown on about 17 million ha with annual production of 18 million tonnes and contribute 10 percent to the countrys food grain basket. United states agriculture world agricultural production. Commercialization prospects for sorghum and pearl millet. Kansas state university 148 waters hall manhattan, ks 66506. Sorghum and millet being drought tolerant have a strong adaptive advantage and lower risk of failure than other cereals in such environments. Storage traditional processing methods industrial processing.
Sorghum is the most important crop and livestock feed. Sorghum and millet have considerable further potential to be used as a human food and beverage source. Sorghum and the millets are tropical cereal grains. One species, sorghum bicolor, native to africa with many cultivated forms now, is an important crop worldwide, used for food as grain and in sorghum syrup or sorghum molasses, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. The increases occurred at a time when prices typically begin to decrease as harvested crops start to arrive in markets. Nigerias sorghum production also accounted for 35% of the african production in 2007. Sorghum is mainly cultivated in drier areas, especially on shallow and heavy clay soils. Sorghum and millet the fao estimates that 55 percent of the worlds arid and semiarid drylands with rainfed farming potential are located in subsaharan africa and south asia, particularly india, and these areas also are characterized by populations with the lowest nutrition levels and highest population growth rates. As of the year 2007, sorghum prices are provided by the technicians of the viceministry of production division, ministry of agriculture. Its crop portfolio is quite diversified, including cereals such as sorghum, millet, wheat, rice and maize, oilseeds. Vigna unguiculata and pearl millet pennisetum glaucum. Among these countries, the top 10 sorghum producers are the united states, abstract sorghum sorghum bicolor l. Moench is a crop indigenous to africa, where it appears to have been domesticated in ethiopia about 5 000 years ago.
The amount produced is not known for certain because sorghum s production statistics at least in some countries are lumped together with millet s. The mentioned counties are also the largest producing ones, with phillips ranking. These crops are nutritious and hardy, and offer farmers food security as well as income if sold as a cash crop. Agricultureenvironment series sorghummillet systems ata. Nutritional and health benefits of millets f 1 millets are a traditional staple food of the dry land regions of the world. Atypical increase in sudans sorghum and millet prices. Optimizing yield of improved varieties of millet and sorghum. Sorghum and millet are either grown as sole crops or intercropped. Further, sweet sorghum has emerged as a supplementary crop to sugarcane in dry land pockets for the production of ethanol. Review of the african millet diversity food and agriculture. Few farmers have invested in improving the management of their sorghum or pearl millet crops. Moench is a droughtresilient crop, grown extensively in semiarid tropics of the. It is the only viable food grain for many of the worlds most food insecure people. Sorghum and cotton are the two dominant summer crops in eastern australia.
Morphology, physical, chemical and functional properties. Kansas state universityhays agricultural research center. For thousands of years, millet farms have been growing a range of millets such as sorghum, pearl millet, foxtail millet, little millet, kodo millet, proso millet, barnyard millet alongside pulses red gram, cowpea, beans, green gram, black gram, lentils and oilseeds sesame, niger. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to australia, with the range of some extending to africa, asia, mesoamerica, and certain islands in the indian and pacific oceans. The country is the thirdlargest world producer after the united states and india. In developing countries the commercial processing of these locally grown grains into valueadded food and beverage products is an important driver for economic development taylor. Figures 3, 4 and 5 show an output of top ten world and. Millet production is on the rise, and so are the pests. According to surveys conducted in 1992, less than 15% of sorghum growers and 5% of pearl millet table 2. Sorghum is a major crop in africa, india, portions of china, the southern and central great plains of the united states, australia, argentina. Therefore they find sorghum production from hybrid seed expensive, even though the yields are higher. Consumer prices expressed per kg for cowpea ranged 1. Ii adaptation and characterization of c 4 crop plants.
It was originally cultivated in egypt in antiquity. New feed grain crop millet production, consumption, exports, and imports statistics major world crop areas and climatic profiles millet production sorghum and millets in human nutrition pearl millet forage production in north dakota biotechnology, breeding and seed systems for. The main crops are cereals maize, sorghum, millet, rice on over 1. Many of the worlds most foodinsecure people depend on sorghum as their main food source. Background on the development of the global strategy for. Sorghum is one of the top cereal crops in the world, along with wheat, oats, corn, rice, and barley. According to fao statistics 2, the world production of millets was 26. Historically, they have been cultivated in africa and eurasia to produce traditional products like porridges, flatbreads, beers and nonalcoholic beverages at smallscale. Sorghum has a potential to emerge as one of the two big crops in the tropics that supply biofuel such as ethanol, the demand for which far exceeds the supply on the world market. It provides extensive information on the nutritional value, chemical composition, storage and processing of these foods.
Sorghum production united states 20182019 statista. In these countries dwarf hybrid varieties are grown and harvested mechanically, predominantly for livestock feed. World sorghum production by area, yield per hectare and tonnage per region. Modified from 1 production of millets is still at subsistence level by smallholders 0. If rains are favorable, maize offers higher yields. Sorghum and millet are strategic crops for food security in much of the sahel. Three cropsmaize, sorghum, and pearl millet account for about 95% of the c 4 cereal production in the world table i. Maize is grown closer to the equator than sorghum and millet, and millet is grown furthest from the equator. Moench is an indigenous crop to africa, and though commercial needs and uses may change over time, sorghum will remain a basic staple food for many rural communities. They are very diverse in terms of grain structure and chemical composition.
Bottlenecks to increased production of sorghum and millet include. During the same period, the hectarage of both sorghum and millet decreased in asia by amounts similar to the increase in africa as indicated by the percentages in table ii. This statistic features the sorghum production in the united states from marketing year 20112012 to 20182019, measured in thousand metric tons. Barnyard millet, crop management, drought stress, finger millet, foxtail millet, genetic resources, growth and development, kodo millet, proso millet, sorghum. Optimizing yield of improved varieties of millet and. The current status of cereals maize, rice and sorghum. The major areas of sorghum production are listed in table 1 fao, 1995. The crop can however withstand drier conditions and still remain green at relatively low moisture levels.
Nov 06, 20 sorghum surghum bicolor introduction sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses. Grain sorghum acreage expanded in most of the traditional grain sorghum producing counties in 2002. They are the only ones listed in the annual fao agricultural production yearbook 1994. Certainly, broadleaf weed control may be needed at earlier or later times. Location of sorghum and millet production basins in west africa. Production of spinach and lettuce is in bundles instead of mt. It is essential that producers know the crop they are cultivating in order to develop the most effective production practices. World sorghum production during 2009 was about 59 million tonne of grain from 40 million ha with an average productivity of 1. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family poaceae, which includes about 25 species.
The study aims at forecasting the sorghum production in sudan. Sorghum and millet being drought tolerant have a strong adaptive advantage and lower risk. Millets and sorghum are grains that are nutrientrich, droughttolerant crops and can support communities around the world. Pdf nutritional and health benefits of sorghum and millets. Production mmta international trademmt percentgrain entering internationaltrade maize 160 825 94 11. Apr 27, 2018 world is facing agrarian as well as nutritional challenges. The free state and mpumalanga provinces are the largest contributors to the area planted to sorghum and sorghum production. It is now widely cultivated in dry areas of africa, asia, the americas, europe and australia between latitudes of. Cropping system changes in the savanna zone of western africa % of cropland in the region on which the considered crop is grown. However, quality rapidly deteriorates after millet is ground into flour varrianomarston and hoseney, 1983 as hydrolytic and oxidative. Current average yields of sorghum and millet average about 1 tonne and 0. Sorghum, like many grains, has a diversity of uses, including human consumption and animal feed.
Millet and sorghum take center stage on farmers plates one. Species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of all continents especially the steppes and savannah africa with its origin in northern africa. Millets area and production in africa relative to other regions of the world, 199294. Sorghum and pearl millet production, trade, and consumption. The continent produces about 20 million tonnes of sorghum per annum, about onethird of the world crop. For both millet and sorghum, planting dates were 23, 1112 and 34 july in 2012, 20 and 2014, respectively. Tef eragrostis tef is a c 4 grain crop grown mostly in ethiopia, where it is. In terms of tonnage, sorghum is africas second most important cereal.
Barley,theothermajorgrainproduced,ismoretolerantofcoldclimates, andisthusmostlyproducedinnortherneuropeandnorthernpartsoftheu. The sadcicrisat sorghum and millet improvement program. The world total production of millet grains at last count was 762712 metric tons and the top producer was india with an annual production of 334500 tons 43. Millet is a staple crop in africa and asia and increasingly common elsewhere, as demand for wholegrain products continues to rise. Sustainable intensification of sorghum and pearl millet. Baker, extension agronomist the term millet is applied to various grass crops whose seeds are harvested for human food or animal feed.
Building sustainable livelihoods through on farm conservation. It has about 30 species of which sorghum bicolor is the most widely grown because of continue reading. Although millet production is only about 2% of the world cereal production, it is an important staple food crop in semiarid regions. Annual sorghum and pearl millet harvests 000 t in tanzanias main production regions 1, average, 199495 to 199697. Cereals like sorghum, millets, wheat, maize and rice are. It is a major crop for many poor farmers, especially in africa, central america, and south asia.
However, 90% of sorghum produced by the united states and india is destined for animal feed, making nigeria the worldleading country for food grain sorghum production. Sorghum and millet prices abnormally increased by 10 to 40 per cent between october and november 2017. Millet and sorghum jj maize millet and sorghum i other association with maize jlz cotton other crops in % of land cropped per region figure 5. Sorghum is called millet in many parts of asia and africa, and broomcorn is called broom millet in australia. Globally, over half of all sorghum is used for human consumption. Sorghum and millets in human nutrition food and agriculture. The total area planted to cereals increased by 29% in africa from 19781981 to 19921994, and 82% of that increase was c 4 cereals, mostly sorghum and millet fao, 1994. Another major cereal, maize, has overtaken these traditional cereals while wheat is widely cultivated in north africa and in sudan and ethiopia. Food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao conducted two projects in cameroon on strengthening rice, and sorghum, maize and millet seed production by smallholder seed enterprises sses. Owing to low fertility, utilization of dry lands to produce sufficient quality grains is a big challenge. Understanding how the sorghum plant grows and develops will. Annual world production of the two together exceeds 100 million tons, of which 60 million is certainly sorghum. Country profile uganda food and agriculture organization. The production of sorghum in south africa varies from 100 000 ton 00 ha to 180 000 ton 150 000 ha per annum.
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